Enscript Output
ثبت نشده
چکیده
t i o n ) 4 7 : V a r i a b l e d i r e c t l y a f t e r \ i s b o u n d , a n y o c c u r r e n c e a f t e r i s b o u n d t o \ , e l s e f r e e 4 8 : e t a r e d u c t i o n : \ x . f ( x ) > f w h e r e f ( x ) i s a f u n c t i o n 4 9 : R e d u c i n g : r e n a m i n g a n d s u b s t i t u t i n g u n t i l i t i s p u t i n t o n o r m a l f o r m . 5 0 : E x t e n s i o n : s e t o f d e f i n i t i o n s w h i c h a u g m e n t a l a n g u a g e w i t h a n e w f a c i l i t y t h a t 5 1 : c a n b e u s e d i n t h e s a m e w a y t h a t p r e e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s a r e u s e d ( e g n e w t y p e ) 5 2 : L a m b d a c a l c u l u s d e f i n e s a m i n i m a l s e m a n t i c b a s i s f o r c o m p u t a t i o n . U s i n g v a r i a b l e s , 5 3 : l a m b d a e x p r e s s i o n s , a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s , l a m b d a c a l c u l u s c a n r e p r e s e n t p r o g r a m 5 4 : c o m p u t a t i o n s . 5 5 : S y m b o l s : s i n g l e c h a r a c t e r ’ y ’ ( v a r i a b l e ) , o r p u n c t u a t i o n ’ ( ’ , ’ ) ’ , ’ . ’ , ’ \ ’ 5 6 : R u l e s : ’ y ’ ( v a r i a b l e ) , ’ ? ? y . F ’ ( e x p r e s s i o n ) , a n d ’ F G ’ ( a p p l i c a t i o n ) a r e f o r m u l a s 5 7 : A l a n g u a g e ’ s s e m a n t i c s a r e e x t e n d a b l e i f t h e y m a y b e a u g m e n t e d w i t h n e w a c t i o n s , 5 8 : d a t a t y p e s , o r c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s . 5 9 : * * * S y n t a x * * * 6 0 : T h e s y n t a x o f a l a n g u a g e i s i t s g r a m m a t i c a l r u l e s . T h e s e a r e u s u a l l y d e f i n e d 6 1 : t h r o u g h E B N F ( E x t e n d e d B a c k u s N a u r F o r m ) a n d / o r s y n t a x d i a g r a m s . T h e m e a n i n g o f a 6 2 : p r o g r a m i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y p r o g r a m c o d e o r b y a c o m p u t a t i o n t r e e . T h e l a n g u a g e 6 3 : s y n t a x d e f i n e s t h e c o m p u t a t i o n t r e e t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s t o e a c h l e g a l s o u r c e p r o g r a m . 6 4 : T h e r u l e s f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a w e l l f o r m e d s e n t e n c e ( s t a t e m e n t ) o u t o f w o r d s , a 6 5 : p a r a g r a p h ( m o d u l e ) o u t o f s e n t e n c e s , a n d a n e s s a y ( p r o g r a m ) o u t o f p a r a g r a p h s a r e 6 6 : t h e s y n t a x o f t h e l a n g u a g e . 6 7 : I t i s u s u a l t o d e f i n e t h e s y n t a x o f a p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e i n a f o r m a l l a n g u a g e . 6 8 : T w o m o s t c o m m o n f o r m a l i s m s a r e E x t e n d e d B a c k u s N a u r F o r m ( E B N F ) a n d s y n t a x 6 9 : d i a g r a m s . 7 0 : E B N F 7 1 : 1 . A n E B N F l a n g u a g e d e f i n i t i o n c a n b e t r a n s l a t e d b y a p r o g r a m c a l l e d a p a r s e r 7 2 : g e n e r a t o r i n t o a p r o g r a m c a l l e d a p a r s e r . 7 3 : 2 . A p a r s e r r e a d s t h e u s e r ’ s s o u r c e c o d e p r o g r a m s a n d d e t e r m i n e s t h e s y n t a c t i c 7 4 : c a t e g o r y ( p a r t o f s p e e c h ) o f e v e r y s o u r c e s y m b o l a n d c o m b i n a t i o n o f s y m b o l s . 7 5 : 3 . I t s o u t p u t i s t h e l i s t o f t h e s y m b o l s d e f i n e d i n t h e p r o g r a m a n d a p a r s e t r e e , 7 6 : w h i c h s p e c i f i e s t h e r o l e t h a t e a c h s o u r c e s y m b o l i s s e r v i n g . 7 7 : A n E B N F g r a m m a r c o n s i s t s o f : ( * * s e v e r a l m i n o r v a r i a t i o n s e x i s t ) 7 8 : E x . s : : = ( a | b c ) d < t h i s r u l e i n d i c a t e s a s c a n b e r e p l a c e d b y a n ’ a d ’ o r 7 9 : a ’ b c d ’ 8 0 : P a r s i n g a p r o g r a m 8 1 : T h e p a r s i n g r o u t i n e s o f a c o m p i l e r d e t e r m i n e h o w t h e s o u r c e c o d e c o r r e s p o n d s t o 8 2 : t h e g r a m m a r . T h e o u t p u t f r o m t h e p a r s e r i s a t r e e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e 8 3 : g r a m m a t i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c o d e c a l l e d a p a r s e t r e e . 8 4 : T h e t w o b r o a d c a t e g o r i e s o f p a r s i n g a l g o r i t h m s a r e c a l l e d " b o t t o m u p " a n d 8 5 : " t o p d o w n " . 8 6 : T o p d o w n p a r s i n g > t h e p a r s e r s t a r t s w i t h t h e g r a m m a r ’ s s t a r t i n g s y m b o l a n d 8 7 : t r i e s , a t e a c h s t e p , t o g e n e r a t e t h e n e x t p a r t o f t h e s o u r c e c o d e s t r i n g . 8 8 : B o t t o m u p > t h e p a r s e r s e a r c h e s t h e s o u r c e c o d e f o r a s t r i n g w h i c h o c c u r s a s 8 9 : o n e a l t e r n a t i v e o n t h e r i g h t s i d e o f s o m e p r o d u c t i o n r u l e . A m b i g u i t y i s r e s o l v e d 9 0 : b y l o o k i n g a h e a d k i n p u t s y m b o l s . T h e m a t c h i n g s t r i n g i s r e p l a c e d b y t h e 9 1 : n o n t e r m i n a l o n t h e l e f t o f t h a t r u l e . B y r e p e a t i n g t h i s p r o c e s s , t h e p r o g r a m i s 9 2 : e v e n t u a l l y r e d u c e d , p h r a s e b y p h r a s e , b a c k t o t h e s t a r t i n g s y m b o l .
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